Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Calamintha nepeta Essential Oil
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Calamintha nepeta (Lamiaceae), widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean area, is a small and fragrant perennial herb traditionally used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. It serves as an antiseptic, spasmolytic, diuretic, and cough suppressant. The objective of this research is to characterise the chemical constituents of Calamintha nepeta essential oil (EO) through GC-MS analysis and evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against nine multidrug resistant bacterial strains and one yeast. The study also conducted an in vitro anti-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase inhibition test and determined its lethal dose 50 (LD50) as well as the effects against carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo. Analysis revealed that the primary components of C. nepeta included oxygenated monoterpenes, notably pulegone (58.36%), isoborneol (10.40%), menthone (8.91%), and piperitenone (3.86%). Antimicrobial tests demonstrated significant inhibition zones ranging from 10.2 to 37.12 mm. Essential oil exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations and bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations ranging from 0.937 to 3.75 µL/mL and 0.937 to 15 µL/mL, respectively. Furthermore, it showed potent antioxidant activity against DPPH and a high total reducing power. Acute oral toxicity tests in Wistar rats indicated an LD50 of 2500 mg/kg. C. nepeta EO also exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties against carrageenan-induced paw edema, with an IC50 value of 17.23 ± 0.32 μg/mL compared to diclofinac. Interestingly, this research highlights the importance of the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of the Calamintha nepeta and accentuats its importance in pharmacological applications for treating inflammatory conditions.
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