Phytochemical Analysis of Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) Stem Extracts and its Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is commonly used in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes. Although the active ingredients in red betel leaves have been analyzed, there is still limited information on thephytochemical constituents of the stem. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the compounds in red betel stem andevaluate itsantioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.Red betel stem was extracted by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol.Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts was done following standard procedures. Thevolatile compoundsin the extracts were identified by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total phenolic contents of the extracts was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu’s method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, while the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detrminedin vitro by spectrophotometric method. Phytochemical screening reveal the presence of alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, while steroidal glycosides were found in the n-hexane and methanol extracts. Caryophyllene, butyraldehyde hydroxytoluene, phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl), octadecadienal, octadecanoic acid, tricosane, 5-cholestene-3-ol, stigmasterol, and sitosterolwere among the compounds identifiedin red betel stem extracts. The methanol extract had the highest total phenolic contents of 939.01 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC50 < 50 mg/L.All the extracts exhibited betteralpha-glucosidaseinhibitory activitycompared to acarbose. These findings have shown red betel stemas a potential source of natural antioxidantandalpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
World Health Organisation (WHO). The Top 10 Causes of Death. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Infodatin tetap Produktif, Cegah, dan Atasi Diabetes Melitus 2020. Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2020. 1–10 p.
Misra S and Owen KR. Genetics of Monogenic Diabetes: Present Clinical Challenges. Curr Diab Rep. 2018; 18(12):1–11.
Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Redddy SS, McGill JB, Berga SL, Weber SL. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract. 2022; 28(10):923-1049.
Dirir AM, Daou M, Yousef AF, Yousef LF. A Review of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Plants as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes. Phytochem Rev. 2022; 21(4):1049-1079.
Nanjan MJ, Mohammed M, Kumar BRP, Chandrasekar MJN. Thiazolidinediones as Antidiabetic Agents: A Critical Review. Bioorg Chem. 2018; 77:548-567.
Hussain F, Khan Z, Saeed Jan M, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Rashid U, Sadiq A. Synthesis, In-vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition, Antioxidant, In-vivo Antidiabetic and Molecular Docking Studies of Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione and Thiazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives. Bioorg Chem. 2019; 91(7):103128.
Dongare PN, Motule AS, More MP, Patinge PA, Bakal RL, Manwar JV. Recent Development in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Delivery of Herbal Drugs: An Updates. GSC Adv Res Rev. 2021; 8(2):008-018.
Lister INE, Ginting CN, Girsang E, Nataya ED, Azizah AM, Widowati W. Hepatoprotective Properties of Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) Leaves Extract Towards H2O2-Induced HepG2 Cells Via Anti-inflammatory, Antinecrotic, Antioxidant Potency. Saudi Pharm J. 2020; 28(10):1182-1189.
Umar MA, Safithri M, Pratama R. In Silico Study of Anticancer Activity of Red Betel Leaves Bioactive Compounds against Colon Cancer Marker Proteins. HAYATI J Biosci. 2023; 30(1):113-121.
Madhumita M, Guha P, Nag A. Bio-actives of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.): A Comprehensive Review on Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Activity. Phytother Res. 2020; 34(10):2609-2627.
Suri MA, Azizah Z, Asra R. A Review: Traditional Use, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav). Asian J Pharm Res Dev. 2021; 9(1):159-163.
Irawan C, Foliatini, Hanafi. GC-MS Composition of Leaf Extract of Piper cf. arcuatum blume and Their Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity Studies. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017; 6(4):461-468.
Rajkumar G, Panambara PAHR, Sanmugarajah V. Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Borneo J Pharm. 2022; 5(2):93-103.
Irawan C, Elya B, Hanafi M, Saputri FC. Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-glucosidase Enzyme Activity. Pharmacogn J. 2021; 13(5):1297-1303.
Sabdoningrum EK, Hidanah S, Chusniati S, Soeharsono. Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract’s Nanoparticles Used Ball Mill Method. Pharmacogn J. 2021; 13(6):1568-1572.
Parisotto-Peterle J, Bidone J, Lucca LG, Araújo G de MS, Falkembach MC, da Silva Marques M, Koester LJ. Healing Activity of Hydrogel Containing Nanoemulsified β-Caryophyllene. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020; 148(105318):1-12.
Francomano F, Caruso A, Barbarossa A, Fazio A, Sinicropi MS. β-Caryophyllene a Sesquiterpene with Countless. Appl Sci. 2019; 9(2410):5420-5438.
Kumawat VS and Kaur G. Insulinotropic and Antidiabetic Effects of β-Caryophyllene with l-Arginine in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Food Biochem. 2020; 44(4):1-11.
Aguilar-Ávila DS, Flores-Soto ME, Tapia-Vázquez C, Pastor-Zarandona OA, López-Roa RI, Viveros-Paredes JM. β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-Like Behavior in Experimental Diabetic Mice. J Med Food. 2019; 22(5):460-468.
John CJ, Ge M, Noushad N. Probiotic Rhizospheric Bacillus sp. from Zingiber officinale Rosc. Displays Antifungal Activity against Soft Rot Pathogen Pythium sp. Curr Plant Biol. 2020; 27:100217.
Devi TS, Vijay K, Vidhyavathi RM, Kumar P, Govarthanan M, Kavitha T. Antifungal Activity and Molecular Docking of Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) Produced by Plant Growth-Promoting Actinobacterium Kutzneria sp. Strain TSII from Mangrove Sedients. Arch Microbiol. 2021; 203(7):4051-4064.
Bakrim S, Benkhaira N, Bourais I, Benali T, Lee LH, Bouyahya A. Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Stigmasterol. Antioxid. 2022; 11(10):1-32.
Doughari JH and Saa-Aondo M. Phytochemical Analysis of Crude Methanol Extracts and Antimicrobial Activity of n-Hexane Fractions of Methanol Seed and Pod Extracts of Prosopis africana on Some Selected Microorganisms. Pharmacol Online. 2021; 2:121-137.
Rizvi SAH, George J, Reddy GVP, Zeng X, Guerrero A. Latest Developments in Insect Sex Pheromone Research and Its Application in Agricultural Pest Management. Insects. 2021; 12(6):1-26.
Nakaziba R, Amanya SB, Sesaazi CD, Byarugaba F, Ogwal-Okeng J, Alele PE Antimicrobial Bioactivity and GC-MS Analysis of Different Extracts of Corchorus olitorius L Leaves. The Sci World J. 2022; 2022:3382302.
Kolesnikova SA, Lyakhova EG, Kalinovsky AI, Popov RS, Yurchenko EA, Stonik VA. Oxysterols from a Marine Sponge Inflatella sp. and Their Action in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mar Drugs. 2018; 16(11):1-12.
Nagarajan S, Nagarajan R, Kumar J, Salemme A, Togna AR, Saso L, Bruno F. Antioxidant Activity of Synthetic Polymers of Phenolic Compounds. Polym. 2020; 12(8):1-27.
Rahimah SB, Djunaedi DD, Soeroto AY, Bisri T. The Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Contents, and Antioxidant Activities in Vitro of White Oyster Mushroom (Plerotus Ostreatus) Preparations. Maced J Med Sci. 2019: 7(15):2404-2412.
Gao MR, Da Xu Q, He Q, Sun Q, Zeng WC. A Theoretical and Experimental Study: the Influence of Different Standards on the Determination of Total Phenol Content in the Folin–Ciocalteu Assay. J Food Meas Charact. 2019; 13(2):1349-1356.
Halevas E, Mavroidi B, Pelecanou M, Hatzidimitriou AG. Structurally Characterized Zinc Complexes of Flavonoids Chrysin and Quercetin with Antioxidant Potential. Inorg Chim Acta. 2021; 523(6):120407.
Moo CL, Yang SK, Osman MA, Yuswan MH, Loh JY, Lim WM, Lim SHE, Lai KS. Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of β-Caryophyllene on Bacillus cereus. Pol J Microbiol. 2020; 69(1):1-6.
Li H, Wang D, Chen Y,Yang M. “β-Caryophyllene Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Accumulation in Mesangial Cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020; 84(1):106556.
Liu F, Guo L, Zhang S, Kong X, Zhang Z. Synthesis and Bioactivity of (13Z,15E)-Octadecadienal: A Sex Pheromone Component from Micromelalopha siversi Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Pest Manag Sci. 2021; 77(1):264-272.
Tsurho S and Maddela P. A Facile Synthesis of Octadecanoic Acid [4-(3-Phenyl-Acryloyl)-Phenyl]-Amides and Their Antimicrobial Activity. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021; 15(8):3412-3416.
Sun Y, Dong S, Guo G, Guo L, Pu Y. Antialgal Activity of Glycoglycerolipids Derived from a Green Macroalgae Ulva prolifera on Six Species of Red Tide Microalgae. IOP Conf Ser.: Mater Sci Eng. 2019; 484(1).012057.
Khatua S, Pandey A, Biswas SJ, Surjyo C, Biswas J. Phytochemical Evaluation and Antimicrobial Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Root Extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2016; 5(5):410-413.
Baltacı C, Öz M, Fidan MS, Üçüncü O, Karataş ŞM. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Colchicum speciosum Steven Growing in Türkiye. Pak J Agric Sci. 2022; 59(5):729-736.
Zhao H, Zhang X, Wang M, Lin Y, Zhou S. Stigmasterol Simultaneously Induces Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy by Inhibiting Akt/mTOR Pathway in Gastric Cancer Cells. Front Oncol. 2021; 11(629008):1-11.
Pratiwi R, Nantasenamat C, Ruankham W, Suwanjang W, Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Phopin K. Mechanisms and Neuroprotective Activities of Stigmasterol Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Cell Death via Sirtuin Family. Front Nutr. 2021; 8(648995):1-12.
Morgan LV, Petry F, Scatolin M, Viera P, Müller LG. Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory effects of Stigmasterol in Mice: Insight into Its Mechanism of Action. Behav Pharmacol. 2021; 32(8):640-651.
Wang J, Huang M, Yang J, Ma X, Zheng S, Deng S. Anti-Diabetic Activity of Stigmasterol from Soybean Oil by Targeting the GLUT4 Glucose Transporter. Food Nutr Res. 2017; 61(1):1-13.
Alawode TT, Lajide L, Olaleye M, Owolabi B. Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol: Antimicrobial Compounds in the Leaves of Icacina trichantha Identified by GC-MS. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2021; 10(1):1-8.
Fernando LAM, Wickramasingha WGD, Jayasinghe S. Synthesis of Derivatives of β-Sitosterol and Evaluation of Their Anti-Bacterial Activity. Ceylon J Sci. 2021; 50(4):497.
Khan Z, Nath N, Rauf A, Emran TB, Thiruvengadam M. Multifunctional Roles and Pharmacological Potential of β-Sitosterol: Emerging Evidence Toward Clinical Applications. Chem Biol Interact. 2022; 365(110117):1-16.