Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials and Metabolic Profiling of Benjakul, A Thai Herbal Preparation
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Abstract
Benjakul (BJK), a Thai folk remedy has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of
various illnesses. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant, and anticancer properties, and
metabolic profile of Benjakul. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of BJK and its
component medicinal plants (Piper retrofractum Vahl., Piper sarmentosum Roxb., Piper
interuptum Opiz., Plumbago indica L., and Zingiber officinale Rosc.) was assessed using the
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
free radical scavenging assay. The anticancer activity was assessed through cytotoxic effect
against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (bile duct cancer) cell lines (KKU-213B and KKU-100) using
the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The metabolic
fingerprint and potential bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract of BJK and component
medicinal plants was investigated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The
FRAP and DPPH assays revealed that the ethanol extracts of BJK and its component medicinal
plants possessed antioxidant activity with Zingiber officinale exhibiting the highest activity. The
FRAP value and EC50 for DPPH radical scavenging activity for Zingiber officinale were 94.860 ±
0.156 µg AAE/mg extract and 86.63 g/mL, respectively. The metabolic profiling identified
vanillic acid and curcumin as the main bioactive metabolites in BJK and its component medicinal
plants. The partial least squares (PLS) loading plot revealed that the methoxy group is associated
with the inhibition of CCA cells, and phenolic hydroxyl protons as the potential pharmacophore
of the bioactive molecules. Therefore, BJK could be considered as a potentially effective treatment
for bile duct cancer.
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