Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Five Species of Fish Obtained from the Estuary of Rabat, Morocco
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a dramatic fall in the fish population. This is due to habitat destruction, overfishing, diseases, climate change, and metal contamination. Despite the advantages of eating aquatic foods, hazardous metals can bioaccumulate in fish, posing a threat to human health and marine ecosystems. There is a need to evaluate the danger to human health posed by several heavy metals linked to eating popular edible fish species that are readily available to consumers in the Rabat-Sale region. The study aimed to evaluate the concentrations and accumulation of heavy metals in the various organs of fresh fish obtained from the Bouregreg estuary. During the winter and spring of 2023, fish belonging to five different genera (Anguilla, Diplodus, Solea, Mullet, and Lophius) were collected in the Bouregreg estuary at three different locations: My Youssef, Hassan II, and Mohammed VI Bridges. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Cu) in the muscles, livers, and gills were determined using an ULTIMA2 type inductively coupled emission spectroscopy plasma (ICP-AES). The results showed that all of the fish samples examined were contaminated with the six metallic trace elements. The fish samples meet the World Health Organization's recommended standards, especially for the Anguilla species, which, in contrast to Lophius, are recognized to be the healthiest fish and have the lowest metallic levels. The findings of the study revealed that the Bouregreg estuary is contaminated with heavy metals, necessitating regular fish awareness, monitoring, and assessment due to the significant reliance of the surrounding communities on fish.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Roihatul M, Kartika NU, Abdul W, Rahmi A. Validation of HPLC Method for Quantifying 1,4-Naphthoquinone in Ethanol and Water Extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2023; 7(10):4193-4198. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i10.12.
Ibrahim OS, Rasheed OM, Binta IU. Population Genetic Structure of Feral and Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) inferred from Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA in Kano, Nigeria. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2023; 7(3):2650-2654. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i3.27
Sahara FM. Extraction Optimization, Analysis, and Biological Activity of Volatile Compounds from Padina pavonia Collected from Farasan Island’s Coasts, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2023; 7(3):2574-2579. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i3.17
Tran VH, Phan NTT, Nguyen TTP, Ha MH, Duy TP, Duyen TMH. Extractions, Standardizations, and In-Vivo Toxicological Investigations of The Vietnamese Fish Mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.). Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2023; 7(10):4215-4225. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i10.14
Bojian C, Shiyuan D. Mercury Contamination in Fish and Its Effects on the Health of Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses, and Guidance for Fish Consumption—A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2022; 19(23):15929.
Hozan J H, Hemin NM, Haidar AA, Nasreen MA. Effects of pesticide residues in animal by-products relating to public health. J. Appl. Vet. Sci. 2023; 8(4):95-103. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315929
Even F, Lene SM, Josef DR, Annette B, Livar F, Lise M. Refined mackerel oil increases hepatic lipid accumulation and reduces choline and choline-containing metabolites in the liver tissue in mice fed a Western diet. Food Res. Int. 2023; 173:113450. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113450
Miftahul K K, Yenny R. Biomarker for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment: An overview toward molecular perspectives. Emerg. Contam. 2022; 8:195-205. doi : 10.1016/j.emcon.2022.02.003
James S.A, Victor A.T, Fernando D. Diversification of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2020; 51:27–53. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011620- 031032
Mohammad MU, Mohamed CMZ, Junaida SZ, Faiz MMTM, Israt J. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review. Toxics. 2021; 9:360. doi : 10.3390/toxics9120360
Kilaru HV, Ponnusamy SK, Rames CP. A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity, and remedial measures: Current trends and future perspectives. J. Mol. Liq. 2019; 290:111197. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111197
Masoud Y, Arash JR, Anooshe K. Using endemic freshwater fishes as proxies of their ecosystems to identify high priority rivers for conservation under climate change. Ecol. Indic. 2020; 112: 10613. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106137
Wei Y, Ziyue Z, Tao S, Haifei L, Dongdong S. Marine ecological and environmental health assessment using the pressure-state-response framework at different spatial scales, China. Ecol. Indic. 2021; 121: 106965. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106965
Berta S, Joan G, Julio FA, Carlota B, Elena LL, Antonio E, Jos MB, Marta C, Ethel E. Organophosphate ester plasticizers in edible fish from the Mediterranean Sea: Marine pollution and human exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2022; 292: 118377. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118377
Aarabi S, Chauiyakh O, Ninich O, Kettani K, Et-Tahir A. Accumulation of heavy metals in fish and their impacts on human health: A Systematic Literature Review. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2023; 16(1): 209-214. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00039
Aarabi S, Fahime EE, Ninich O, Chauiyakh O, Kettani K, Et-Tahir A. Eco-toxicological Health Status of Fish, Quality of the Estuary and their Impacts on Human Health: A Case Study of Consumers in Rabat, Morocco. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2023; 7(1):2128-2139. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v7i1.7
Rajae EA, Nadia M, Laurent D, Gil M, Alexander SK. Fluvial sediment transport degradation after dam construction in North Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2021; 182:104255. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104255
Aarabi S, Chauiyakh O, Ninich O, Fahime EE, Kettani K, Et-Tahir. Accumulation of heavy metals in water and sediments Moroccan Atlantics estuary. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2023; 16(12): 5637-5642. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00911.
Shafiuddin AAS, Moshiur R, Sharmin S, Omar FBSM. Shafiqul ISMd. Bioaccumulation and heavy metal concentration in tissues of some commercial fishes from the Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh and human health implications. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019;145: 436-447. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.035
Roderick PT, Vasco SP, Tom W, Linda W vL, Ilja KV. From the freezer to the clinic: Antifreeze proteins in the preservation of cells, tissues, and organs. EMBO Rep. 2021; 22: e52162. doi: 10.15252/embr.202052162
Aarabi S, Chauiyakh O, Fahime EE, Kettani K, Et-Tahir. Assessment of Heavy Metals for Sediments and Water in the Bouregreg Estuary. Proceedings of the World Congress on NewTech. 2023. doi: 10.11159/icepr23.140
Mohammed M, Mohammed EM, Youssef S. Trace metal concentrations in water and edible tissues of Liza ramada from the Northeastern
Moroccan Mediterranean coast: Implications for health risk assessment. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 2021; 46:101881. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101881
Eisa S, Fatemeh BS. Accumulation and Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Cultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Form Different Fish Farms of Eight Cities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Thalass. Int. J. Mar. Sci. 2019; 35:305–317. doi: 10.1007/s41208-019-0123-4
Ashish KS, Manjil SDD, Sawan KS Showkat AM, Binata N, Iswar B. Ecological and human health risk associated with heavy metals in sediments and bioaccumulation in some commercially important fishes in Mahanadi River, Odisha, India. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol. 2023; 5:168-177. doi: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.08.001
Ke LG , Yu L, Xiao-JL, Yan-H Z, Bi-XM. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in aquatic organisms from an e-waste site: Biomagnification
and maternal transfer. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 15:134840. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134840
Maria OV, Lenka H, Jan P, Sergio G, Emanuela Z. Multi-element signature of cuttlefish and its potential for the discrimination of different geographical provenances and traceability. Food Chem. 2021; 356:129687. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129687
Clayton TB, Alison R. Depuration Kinetics and Growth Dilution of Caribbean Ciguatoxin in the Omnivore Lagodon rhomboides: Implications for Trophic Transfer and Ciguatera Risk. Toxins. 2021; 13:774. doi: 10.3390/toxins13110774
Giuseppe G, Graziantonio L, Alessia C, Alessia Carocci 2, Maria SS. The Double Face of Metals: The Intriguing Case of Chromium. Appl. Sci. 2021; 11:638. doi: 10.3390/app11020638
World Health Organization. Safetv evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, Geneva. 2008; Serie 59: 479 pp.
Romero ED., Yánez J, Dazzini M, Simbaña FK, Rebolledo E, Durán G, Navarrete H. An Overview of Cadmium, Chromium, and Lead Content in Bivalves Consumed by the Community of Santa Rosa Island (Ecuador) and Its Health Risk Assessment. Front. Environ. Sci. 2020; 8: 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00134
Jiaojiao Y, Li W, Yuanyuan C, Dianfu Z, Abeer MH, Xuezhen Z. A comparison of accumulation and depuration effect of dissolved hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) in head and muscle of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and assessment of the potential health risk for consumers. Food Chem. 2019; 286:388-394. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103465
World Health Organization (WHO): Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1. Recommendations. 3rd ed., WHO, Geneva. 2008; 668 pp.
Rui C, Adriana CLP, Eliane BdS, Sarah dOP, Raquel FZ, Paola D, Mariana MdA, Raquel BG, Talita SS, Renata G, Philip N, Tania CPC. The Critical Role of Cell Metabolism for Essential Neutrophil Functions. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2020; 54:629-647. doi: 10.33594/000000245
Md AUP, Md SI, Amina SB, Syed NT, Isa BK. Evaluation of trace metals concentration and human health implication by indigenous edible fish species consumption from Meghna River in Bangladesh. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020; 80:103440. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103440
Allauddin K, Malik TH, Arshad MA, Arshid P, Qaisar M, Umar F, Tahir AA, Shafaqat A, Muhammad R, Hamed AES, Mohamed MAD. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Selected Marine Fish Species of Gadani Shipbreaking Area and Pakistan. Animals 2020; 10:1738. doi: 10.3390/ani10101738
Esteban A, Magdalena V. M, Sebastián S, Daniel A. W, Joaquin G, Alejandra VV. Distribution and bioaccumulation of 12 trace elements in water, sediment, and tissues of the main fishery from different environments of the La Plata basin (South America): Risk assessment for human consumption. Chemos. 2019; 236:124394. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124394
Francesco F, Claudio D, Gioele Ca, Concetta S, Katya P, Giuseppe P, Lubomir M. Environmental Investigations and Tissue Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet from the Black Sea (Bulgaria) and the Ionian Sea (Italy). Animals. 2020; 10: 1739. doi: 10.3390/ani10101739
Moiseenko, Gashkina. Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fish: influence of the aquatic environment and climate. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020; 15: 115013. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abbf7c
Wing SC. Joyanto R. Chen L. Marten D. Yuqing M. Dinggui L. Lezhang W. Metal accumulations in aquatic organisms and health risks in an acid mine-affected site in South China. Environ. Geochem. Health. 2021; 43:4415–4440. doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00923-0(0123456789().,-volV() 0123458697().,-volV)
Qifan Z, Gang L, Zhiyong L. Distribution, source and pollution level of heavy metals in river sediments from South China. CATENA. 2018; 170: 386-396. doi : 10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.037
Pamphile SA, Syaghalirwa NMM, Armel G, Rudy CM, Lil-MWL, Valérie C, Jérôme L, Giorgia P, Frédéric F, Philippe AL, Patrick K. Efficiency of fatty acid-enriched dipteran-based meal on husbandry, digestive activity and immunological responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles. Aquaculture. 2021; 545:737193. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737193
Asmaa MEA, Manal AE, Hanan SG, Ekrami AH, Soha MH . Integrated use of biomarkers to assess the impact of heavy metal pollution on Solea aegyptiaca fish in Lake Qarun. Environ. Sci. Eur. 2022; 34:74. : doi: 10.1186/s12302-022-00656-6.