Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Aqueous Fraction on Haematological Parameters
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vernonia amygdalina’s medicinal properties are well established. Furthermore, the safety of the V. amygdalina leaf aqueous fraction has yet to be proven. This study aims to determine the subacute toxicity of Vernonia amygdalina leaf aqueous fraction (VALAF) on haematological parameters in male BALB/c mice. The sub-acute oral toxicity test consisted of three treatment groups of nine animals each and a control group. The BALB/c mice were given repeated oral doses of VALAF at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The observed parameters were red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hematocrit (HCT). All parameters were measured on the 8th, 15th and 22nd days. This study revealed no mortality or morbidity in the subacute toxicity tests. VALAF dose and the duration of administration did not differ significantly from the control group (p>0.05). This study showed that VALAF was relatively safe for male BALB/c mice
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506096.
Aneesh TP, Sekhar S, Jose A, Lekshmi C, Zachariah SM. Pharmacogenomics: The Right Drug to the Right Person. J Clin Med Res. 2009;1(4):191–4.
Farzaei MH, Bayrami Z, Farzaei F, Aneva I, Das SK, Kumar Patra J, Das G, Abdollahi M. Poisoning by Medicinal Plants. Iran Med. 2020;23:117–27.
Ferrucci LM, Bell BP, Dhotre KB, Manos MM, Terrault NA, Zaman A, A, Murphy RC, Vanness GR, Thomas AR, Bialek SR, Desai MM, Sofair AN. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Chronic Liver Disease Patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(2):e40–5.
Saliu JA, Ademiluyi AO, Akinyemi AJ, Oboh G. In vitro antidiabetes and antihypertension properties of phenolic extracts from bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). J Food Biochem. 2012;36(5):569–76.
Quasie O, Zhang YM, Zhang HJ, Luo J, Kong LY. Four new steroid saponins with highly oxidised side chains from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Phytochem Lett. 2016;15:16–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2015.11.002
Ch’ng YS, Loh YC, Tan CS, Ahmad M, Asmawi MZ, Wan Omar MW, Yam MF. Vasorelaxant properties of Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract and its possible mechanism. Pharm Biol. 2017;55(1):2083–94.
Erukainure OL, Oyebode OA, Ibeji CU, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Vernonia Amygdalina Del. stimulated glucose uptake in brain tissues enhances antioxidative activities; and modulates functional chemistry and dysregulated metabolic pathways. Metab Brain Dis. 2019;34(3):721–32.
Adaramoye O, Achem J, Akintayo O, Fafunso MA. P34 Lipid-Lowering Effect of Methanolic Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina Leaves in Rats Fed on High Cholesterol Diet. Atheroscler Suppl. 2010;11(2):24.
Adesanoye OA, Farombi EO. Hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia amygdalina (Astereaceae) in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2010;62(2):197–206. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.008
Jisaka M, Ohigashi H, Takagaki T, Nozaki H, Tada T, Hirota M, Irie R, Huffman M A., Nishida T, Kaji M, Koshimizu K. Bitter steroid glucosides, vernoniosides A1, A2, and A3, and related B1 from a possible medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina, used by wild chimpanzees. Tetrahedron.
;48(4):625–32.
Oboh FOJ, Masodje HI. Nutritional and Antimicrobial Properties of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves. Int J Biomed Heal Sci. 2009;5(2):51–6.
Igile GO, Oleszek W, Jurzysta M, Burda S, Fafunso M, Fasanmade AA. Flavonoids from Vernonia amygdalina and their antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem. 1994;42(11):2445–8.
Juwita DA, Farinka R, Abdillah R, Rachmaini F. Blood pressure lowering effects of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Aqueous fraction on hypertensive Wistar Kyoto rats. J Complement Integr Med. 2023;2049:1–8. DOI:10.1515/jcim-2022-0416
Harbone JB, A guide to Modern techniques of Plant analysis. 3rd ed. Book - Chapman & Hall. London: Chapman & Hall; 1988. 14–317 p. 2.
Aneesh TP, Sekhar S, Jose A, Lekshmi C, Zachariah SM. Pharmacogenomics: The Right Drug to the Right Person. J Clin Med Res. 2009;1(4):191–4.
Nath P, Yadav A. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of the methanolic extract from leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. in mice. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2015;4(1):70-3
Falodun A, Siraj R, Choudhary M. GC-MS Analysis of Insecticidal Leaf Essential Oil of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dalz (Icacinaceae). Trop J Pharm Res. 2009 Jul 22;8(2): 139-143
Ojo O, Oloyede O, Ojo A, Ajiboye B, Onikanni S. Toxicity Studies of the Crude Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum in Albino Rats. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol. 2013;6(4):34–9.
Armenia A, Wahyuni FS, Almahdy A, Abdillah R, Aquista PG, Putri DP, Zikra M. Blood pressure and blood sugarlowering effects of purified gambir on diabetic hypertensive Wistar Kyoto rats. J Complement Integr Med. 2022;19(3):627-636. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0054.
Aliyu M, Chedi B. Effects of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Pterocarpus erinaceus poir (Fabaceae) on some isolated smooth muscles. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2010;3(1).
Fabiyi OA. Characterisation, phytochemical analysis and nematicidal activity of Daniella oliveri leaves against Pak. J. Nematol. 2014; 32(1): 91-100
Konan NA, Bacchi EM, Lincopan N, Varela SD, Varanda EA. Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):30–8.
Nkoua-Badzi C, Dominique TK, Tresor DM, Fredy N-NG, Silue KD, Gisele K-S, Henri-Joseph P, Herve M, Antoine AA WY. Antiplasmodial activity and acute oral toxicity of R. vomitoria leaves extracts. Int J Pharmacol Res. 2018;8(7):56–62.
Abdillah R, Fauziah F, Lestari P I, Rachmaini F. The cholesterol-lowering activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves ethyl acetate fraction in the hypercholesterolemic model. Pharmaciana. 2021. 12(1): 31-38. doi:10.12928/pharmaciana.v12i1.19667
Dougnon TV, Hounsa E, Agbodjento E, Koudokpon H,Legba B, Fabiyi K, Afaton A, Sintondji K, Akpode B, Klotoé JR, Tchobo F, Bankole H, Dougnon TJ. Toxicological Characterisation of Ten Medicinal Plants of the Beninese Flora Used in the Traditional Treatment of Diarrheal
Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Apr 28;2021:6676904. doi: 10.1155/2021/6676904.
Madhavan R, Adithya S, Giridharan B, Murugesan M, Lakshman Raja R. Acute and sub-acute toxicity study on Sangu parpam. Bioinformation. 2021;17(1):46–52.
Zakaria Y, Azlan NZ, Nik NF, Muhammad H. Phytochemicals and acute oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina from Malaysia. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;4(3):1–5.
Legba B, Dougnon V, Deguenon E, Agbankpe J, Senou M, Aniambossou A, Gbaguidi C, Sintondji K, Baba-Moussa L, Dougnon J. Toxicological characterisation of six plants of the Beninese pharmacopoeia used in the treatment of salmonellosis. J Toxicol. 2019;2019.
Jaijoy K, Vannasiri S, Piyabhan P, Lerdvuthisopon N, Boonraeng S, Khonsung P, Lertprasertsuke N, Sireeratawong S. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of the water extract from the fruits of Piper chaba hunter in rats. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 2010;3(4):29–35.
Mayanti T, Darwati D, Anshori J Al, Supratman U, Madihah M, Lesmana R, et al. Toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Lansium domesticum CV kokossan seeds in female Wistar rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020;4(8):348–54.
Al-Afifi NA, Alabsi AM, Bakri MM, Ramanathan A. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of Dracaena cinnabari resin methanol extract in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):1–14.
Tabarraei H, Hassan J, Parvizi MR, Golshahi H, keshavarzTarikhi H. Evaluation of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the black caraway seed essential oil in Wistar rats. Toxicol Reports. 2019;6:869–74. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.010
Okolie N, Falodun A, Davids O. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of root extract of pepper fruit (Dennetia tripetala), and its potential for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. African J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014;11(3):221.
Adesanoye OA, Adekunle AE, Adewale OB, Mbagwu AE, Delima AA, Adefegha SA, Molehin OR, Farombi EO. Chemoprotective effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae) against 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016;32(1):47–58.