Mineral Constituents and Antimicrobial Potential of Extracts of Ajuga iva L. Collected from Different Geographical Locations in Morocco
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fungal infections are a serious health concern that poses a danger to global healthcare systems. The innate resistance of fungi to chemical agents has made researchers investigate natural sources with bioactive contents against a wide spectrum of pathogenic microbes. The present study aimed to explore the variability of the mineral profile, as well as the antifungal effect of different extracts of Ajuga iva L. collected from different geographical locations in Morocco. Different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) were prepared from Ajuga iva samples using the maceration technique. The mineral profile of the extracts was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Eight pathogenic fungi were used to determine the antifungal effect of different extracts of Ajuga iva using agar disc diffusion method. The results showed high variability in the mineral profile according to geographical origin with the abundance of Na (between 160.52 and 192.40 mg/L), K (between 10.52 and 41.41 mg/mL), Ca (between 32.07 and 58.76 mg/L), Mg (between 4.16 and 8.42 mg/L), and P (between 1.69 and 10.54 mg/L). All the test extracts exhibited considerable antifungal effects against all fungi except Cryptococcus. The findings of the present study confirmed that Ajuga iva is a valuable source of essential minerals and is effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Mishra LK, Sarkar D, Shetty K. Human health-relevant bioactives and associated functionalities of herbs in the Lamiaceae family. In: Functional Foods and Biotechnology. CRC Press; 2019:115-131.
Hussein AA. Chemistry of South African Lamiaceae: Structures and biological activity of terpenoids. Terpenes and Terpenoids. Published online 2018:13-38.
Etsassala NGER, Hussein AA, Nchu F. Potential Application of Some Lamiaceae Species in the Management of Diabetes. Plants. 2021;10(2):279. doi:10.3390/plants10020279
Bouyahya A, El Omari N, Elmenyiy N, Guaouguaou FE, Balahbib A, El-Shazly M, Chamkhi I. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Ajuga iva (L.,) shrub. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;258:112875.
Falodun A, Siraj R, Choudhary MI. GC-MS analysis of insecticidal leaf essential oil of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dalz (Icacinaceae). Trop J Pharm Res. 2009;8(2):139-143.
Okolie NP, Falodun A, Davids O. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of root extract of pepper fruit (Dennetia tripetala), and it’s potential for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Afri J Trad Compl Alter Med. 2014;11(3):221-227.
Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):105-117. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.011
Lahrizi L, Errachidi F, Nekhla H, Ghadraoui LE. Unraveling traditional knowledge of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. used in the Fez-Meknes area in Morocco. Trad Integ Med. Published online December 28, 2022. doi:10.18502/tim.v7i4.11491
Hilaly JE, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacpl. 2004;91(1):43-50. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.11.009
El-Hilaly J, Tahraoui A, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Hypolipidemic effects of acute and sub-chronic administration of an aqueous extract of Ajuga iva L. whole plant in normal and diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;105(3):441-448. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.023
Insaf M, Ghizlane H, Ghada B, Fadoua E, Samiha K, Youness EA, Mohamed F. Plant-based Bioproducts for the Control of Diabetes and Hypertension in TangierTetouan Region (Morocco): Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023;7(9):4016-4025. http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i9.25.
Khadija EO, Abdelfattah EM, Laila B, Dalila B. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Cancers in the City of Casablanca (West-Central of Morocco). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5(6):1044-1054. doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i6.11.
Yang Y, Kessler MGC, Marchán-Rivadeneira MR, Han Y. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in the Post-Genomic Era: Rapid Antibiotic Discovery. Molecules. 2023;28(10):4183.
Shamim A, Ali A, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA, Aqil M, Kawish SM, Siddiqui A, Kumar V, Naseef PP, Alshadidi AAF, Kuruniyan MS. Natural medicine a promising candidate in combating microbial biofilm. Antibiotics. 2023;12(2):299.
Jadimurthy R, Jagadish S, Nayak SC, Kumar S, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS. Phytochemicals as invaluable sources of potent antimicrobial agents to combat antibiotic resistance. Life. 2023;13(4):948.
Firoozbahr M, Kingshott P, Palombo EA, Zaferanloo B. Recent advances in using natural antibacterial additives in bioactive wound dressings. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(2):644.
Mohan S, Ajay Krishna MS, Chandramouli M, Keri RS, Patil SA, Ningaih S, Somappa S. Antibacterial natural products from microbial and fungal sources: A decade of advances. Mol Div. 2023;27(1):517-541.
Saidi S, Remok F, Handaq N, Drioiche A, Gourich AA, El Menyiy N, Amalich A, Elouardi M, Touijer H, Bouhrim M, Bouissane L, Nafidi HA, Jardan YAB, Bourhia M, Zair T. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of Ajuga iva (L.). Life. 2023;13(5):1165. doi:10.3390/life13051165
Senhaji S, Lamchouri F, Boulfia M, Lachkar N, Bouabid K, Toufik H. Mineral composition, in vitro inhibitory effects of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase enzymes and antibacterial activity of Ajuga iva subsp. Pseudoiva (DC.) Bric. Biointer Res Appl Chem. 2021;12(2):2373-2391.
Ammar H, Touihri I, Kholif AE, M'Rabt Y, Jaouadi R, Chahine M, de Haro Marti ME, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Hosni K. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves of Ajuga iva. Molecules. 2022;27(20):7102. doi:10.3390/molecules27207102
Canturk Z. Evaluation of synergistic anticandidal and apoptotic effects of ferulic acid and caspofungin against Candida albicans. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26(1):439-443. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2016.12.014
Bouyahya A, El Omari N, Belmehdi O, Lagrouh F, El jemli M, Marmouzi I, Faouzi MEA, Taha D, Bourais I, Zengin G, Bakri Y, Dakka N. Pharmacological investigation of Ajuga iva essential oils collected at three phenological stages. Flavour Fragr J. 2021;36(1):75-83. doi:10.1002/ffj.3618
Laaroussi H, Bouddine T, Bakour M, Ousaaid D, Lyoussi B. Physicochemical properties, mineral content, antioxidant activities, and microbiological quality of Bupleurum spinosum Gouan honey from the middle atlas in Morocco. J Food Qual. 2020;2020.
Ousaaid D, Laaroussi H, Bakour M, Ennaji H, Lyoussi B, El Arabi I. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of apple vinegar of different cultivars. Inter J Microbiol. 2021;2021.
Beltrán Sanahuja A, Maestre Pérez SE, Grané Teruel N, Valdés García A, Prats Moya MS. Variability of chemical profile in almonds (Prunus dulcis) of different cultivars and origins. Foods. 2021: 13;10(1):153.
Maathuis FJM, Diatloff E. Roles and Functions of Plant Mineral Nutrients. In: Maathuis FJM, ed. Plant Mineral Nutrients: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press; 2013:1-21. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-152-3_1
Waraich EA, Ahmad R, Ashraf MY. Role of Mineral Nutrition in Alleviation of Drought Stress in Plants. Aust J Crop Sci. 2011;5(6):764-777. doi:10.3316/informit.282340708899391
Sarwar N, Saifullah, Malhi SS, Zia MH, Naeem A, Bibi S, Farid G. Role of mineral nutrition in minimizing cadmium accumulation by plants. J Scie Food Agri. 2010;90(6):925-937. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3916
Flores IR, Vásquez-Murrieta MS, Franco-Hernández MO, Márquez-Herrera CE, Ponce-Mendoza A, Del Socorro López-Cortéz Ma. Bioactive compounds in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety saladette and their relationship with soil mineral content. Food Chem. 2021;344:128608. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128608
Makni M, Haddar A, Kriaa W, Zeghal N. Antioxidant, Free Radical Scavenging, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ajuga iva Leaf Extracts. Inter J Food Proper. 2013;16(4):756-765. doi:10.1080/10942912.2011.561465
Medjeldi S, Bouslama L, Benabdallah A, Essid R, Haou S, Elkahoui S. Biological activities, and phytocompounds of northwest Algeria Ajuga iva (L) extracts: Partial identification of the antibacterial fraction. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2018;121:173-178. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.022
Yan H, Meng X, Lin X, Duan N, Wang Z, Wu S. Antifungal activity and inhibitory mechanisms of ferulic acid against the growth of Fusarium graminearum. Food Biosci. 2023;52:102414. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102414
Morales J, Mendoza L, Cotoras M. Alteration of oxidative phosphorylation as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of p‐coumaric acid against Botrytis cinerea. J App Microbiol. 2017;123(4):969-976. doi:10.1111/jam.13540