Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Kae Lom Kae Sen Thai Herbal Medicinal Formula
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Abstract
This study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Kae Lom Kae Sen, a traditional Thai herbal formula used to treat muscle pain, numbness, and various neurological and muscular symptoms. This herbal medicinal formula comprises Cuminum cyminum L., Nigella sativa L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Plumbago indica L., Cannabis sativa L., and Piper nigrum L. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified a total of 143 active compounds, with key constituents including piperine (27.28%), cannabinol (10.82%), (E)-5-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)pent-2-en-1-one (10.80%), and cannabidiol (10.07%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed precise cannabinoid levels, predominated by cannabidiol (CBD) at 4.194 ± 0.004 mg/g—reported here for the first time. Analysis of the total phenolic and flavonoid content showed that cannabis leaves had the highest levels (86.21 ± 0.82 mg gallic-acid equivalents/g extract and 74.79 ± 3.00 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively). Antioxidant activity, assessed via ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, demonstrated that Z. officinale had the strongest antioxidant capacity, with values of 47.16 ± 0.56 µg/mL, 28.26 ± 0.28 µg/mL, and 101.32 ± 3.11 mmol/ 100 g of extract, respectively. These findings enhance the understanding of the phytochemical profile of Kae Lom Kae Sen and support its potential role in the development of evidence-based herbal medicines and dietary supplements, thereby contributing to public health, the preservation of traditional knowledge, and economic growth.
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