Utilizing Response Surface Methodology to Optimize and Characterize Extruded Partially Pregelatinized Cassava Starch for Tablet Binding Applications

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Published: 2025-07-01
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i6.51
Keywords:
Partially pregelatinized, Cassava starch, Twin screw extrusion, Lactose, Response  surface methodology

Main Article Content

Yanuar S. Pramana
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang, Indonesia.
Annisa M. Rahayyu
Department of Pharmacy, Sumatra Institute of Technology (ITERA), South Lampung, Indonesia
Okta N. Putra
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang, Indonesia.
Derina Paramitasari
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang, Indonesia.
Novi Kuswardani
Directorate for Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, KST Iskandar Zulkarnain, Ir. Sutami street km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Indonesia
Bambang Triwiyono
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang, Indonesia.
Yassaroh Yassaroh
esearch Center for Mining Technology - National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Iskandar Zulkarnain, Ir. Sutami street km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Indonesia.
Arni Supriyanti
irectorate for Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, KST Iskandar Zulkarnain, Ir. Sutami street km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Indonesia
Sarah Elisa
Directorate for Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, KST Iskandar Zulkarnain, Ir. Sutami street km. 15, Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Indonesia
Karjawan Pudjianto
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang, Indonesia.

Abstract

Cassava starch is an abundant and underutilized natural resource with significant potential for pharmaceutical applications, yet its native form often exhibits suboptimal functionality as a binder. Physical modification methods, such as extrusion, offer a promising approach to enhance starch properties in an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. This research focused on optimizing the extrusion process for producing partially pregelatinized cassava starch (PPCS) and assessing its potential application as a binder in tablet formulation. Optimization was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with moisture content (30–40%) and extrusion temperature (30–45°C) as independent variables. The optimal condition—30% moisture and 45°C extrusion temperature—yielded a degree of gelatinization (DG) of 45.67% and solubility of 52.08%. Morphological analysis showed polygonal granules with retained birefringence and no granule damage, while X-ray diffraction revealed reduced relative crystallinity compared to native starch. The optimized PPCS exhibited superior flowability (13.81 g/s) and compressibility index (21.26%), outperforming native starch and Starch 1500. Tablet formulations using 45–50% PPCS binder showed promising physicomechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 1.31 to 1.76 MPa, friability below 3%, and rapid disintegration time under 2 minutes. Despite slightly lower tablet hardness (4.21–4.72 kg) compared to the benchmark, all values remained within acceptable specifications. These findings indicate that extruded PPCS is a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and high-performance binder for pharmaceutical tablet formulations, particularly those containing brittle medicinal powders. The extrusion method presents an effective physical modification process, enhancing cassava starch's functionality while preserving desirable granule features.

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Article Details

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 6 (2025): Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR)

Section

Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Pramana, Y. S., Rahayyu, A. M., Putra, O. N., Paramitasari, D., Kuswardani, N., Triwiyono, B., Yassaroh, Y., Supriyanti, A., Elisa, S., & Pudjianto, K. (2025). Utilizing Response Surface Methodology to Optimize and Characterize Extruded Partially Pregelatinized Cassava Starch for Tablet Binding Applications. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR), 9(6), 2737-2744. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i6.51

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