Betalain Extraction Techniques, Principles, Optimal Conditions and Yield: A Review
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Abstract
Betalains are natural pigments predominantly found in beets, as well as in other plants such as cacti and Swiss chard. These bioactive compounds have gained significant attention due to their diverse applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. They possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential health-promoting properties, making them valuable for functional foods and therapeutic formulations. However, the extraction efficiency and stability of betalains remain critical factors influencing their industrial use. This systematic review aims to evaluate commonly employed extraction methods for betalain-rich plant sources and compares their effects on extraction yields. Various techniques, including maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, have been explored to optimize betalain recovery. Among these, maceration is the most widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness, whereas percolation is the least adopted. However, emerging techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) show promise in enhancing yield while preserving pigment integrity. Optimizing extraction conditions, including solvent type, temperature, and pH, is essential for maximizing yield, stability, and efficiency, ensuring better applicability in different industries. Additionally, this review highlights strategies for improving betalain recovery while minimizing degradation, thereby maintaining pigment stability during processing and storage. The findings from this review provide valuable insights for researchers and industry professionals in selecting suitable extraction methods based on efficiency, sustainability, and practicality. By refining extraction processes, it contributes to advancing betalain utilization in various fields, ultimately supporting the development of stable and bioavailable functional ingredients.
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