Exploring the Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Isolates and the Potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Extracts as Alternative Treatment Options
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Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics is a public health threat and Nigeria has continued to rank high in the age-standardized mortality rate per population due to antimicrobial resistance. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has reportedly shown some antimicrobial benefits and could provide alternative therapy. The study evaluated the antibacterial properties of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower and leaf extracts against some bacterial pathogens of human and animal sources. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf and flower were obtained by cold maceration for 48 h. The susceptibility of the test cultures to the extracts was assessed through the Agar-well diffusion method, while the minimal inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined using the Agar-dilution technique. The flower extract showed significantly higher water-soluble extractives (38.5%) and acid-insoluble ash (34%). Characterization of the isolates showed that E. coli 54 and Shigella sp, K. pneumonia 37, B. subtilis and S. typhi 54 (MARI ≤ 0.25) appeared to be susceptible to most of the standard antibiotics while other isolates (MARI ≥ 0.25) could be resistant. The resistant isolates (Ps59, St64, Kb21, Ec32, Sa39 and Sa67) were susceptible to the flower ethanol extract (12.5-200 mg/mL) with an IZD range of 0-14 mm compared with vancomycin (8-12 mm). The high IZDs were found to correspond with the MICs of 2.5-40.0 mg/mL respectively compared with vancomycin (≤ 0.10 mg/mL). The extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis possess strong antibacterial properties and could serve as an alternative treatment to diseases caused by resistant strains of S. typhi, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli.
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