Annona muricata Prevents Cadmium-Induced Testicular Dysfunction Via Nrf2/Nfkb-Dependent Mechanisms in Male Wistar Rats
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Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic metal that remains in the body due to the slow rate of its excretion, causing significant public health issues. The study investigated the mechanisms through which Annona muricata can challenge cadmium-caused testicular damage, whose properties are widely recognised. Group I, which served as the positive control, received distilled water orally. Group II received an orally administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2) dosage of 20 mg/kg for 7 days. Groups III and IV received the exact CdCl2 dosage but received co-treatment with an aqueous Annona muricata (AEAM) extract of dosage 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days. AEAM at both low and high doses improved sperm quality and movement in rats exposed to cadmium, showing significant change at p<0.001. A decrease in reproductive hormones accompanied this. When administered with cadmium, both doses of AEAM were effective in preventing the imbalance of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NfkB) that causes oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, AEAM prevented the inactivation of the Arp2/3 complex, which maintains the blood testis barrier (BTB). Our study suggests that AEAM can improve testicular function in rats exposed to cadmium by enhancing sperm quality and reproductive hormones through the modulation of Nrf2/NfkB and BTB maintenance.
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