Acute Toxicity Studies of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Pulp Ethanol Extract in Balb/c Mice
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Myristicin is a chemical frequently present in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). Excessive consumption might result in Toxicity and hallucinogenic effects. The compound is found throughout the nutmeg fruit, with the most significant quantity found in the pulp, measuring 36.05%. This research seeks to ascertain the acute toxicity of nutmeg pulp ethanol extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt) in Balb-C mice (Mus musculus). A total of 20 female mice were categorized into four groups: the control group, NPE 750 mg, NPE 1500 mg, and NPE 2500 mg. The test preparation was administered orally with a single dose at the study's commencement, and toxicological symptoms were observed over 14 days. The findings indicated that the ethanol extract of nutmeg pulp (Myristica fragrans Houtt) at doses of 750 mg/kgBW, 1500 mg/kgBW, and 2500 mg/kgBW exhibited signs of toxicity, including grooming, tremors, anorexia, ptosis, and fluctuations in body weight, with an LD50 value of 2964.83 mg/kgBW. Histopathological examination of the liver tissue revealed increased hepatocyte necrosis at the highest dose of 2500 mg/kgBW. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of nutmeg pulp exhibits toxic potential when administered at doses exceeding 750 mg/kgBW. Moreover, it affects the liver when consumed at doses over 2500 mg/kgBW
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
1. Erhirhie EO, Ihekwereme CP, Ilodigwe EE. Advances in acute toxicity testing: strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2018;11(1):5-12. Doi: 10.2478/intox-2018-0001.
2. Saggar S, Mir PA, Kumar N, Chawla A, Uppal J, Shilpa, Kaur A. Traditional and Herbal Medicines: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharmacog Res. 2022;14(2):107-14. Doi: 10.5530/pres.14.2.1
3. Nur A, Fiskia E, Fakhrur Rajih MH, Rahman I. Antidiabetic Activity of Nutmeg Pulp (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Ethanol extract in Rats Induced by High Glucose Diet. Res J Pharm and Tech. 2025;18(1):89-93. Doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00014
4. Ashokkumar K, Simal-Gandara J, Murugan M, Dhanya MK, Pandian A. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) essential oil: A review on its composition, biological, and pharmacological activities. Phytother Res. 2022; 36(7):2839-2851. Doi: 10.1002/ptr.7491
5. Choudhary KA, Jabin A, Aleem M, Ansari FR. A review on Myristica fragrans Houtt. with unani perspective and modern pharmacology. World J Adv Healthc. Res. 2021;5(1):91–94.
6. Sapsuha Y, Hasan S, Nur A. Survivability of Lactobacillus plantarum in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) flesh extract and its effect on the performance of broiler chicken. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2023;10(1):42–50. Doi: 10.5455/javar.2023.j650
7. Rahman NAA, Fazilah A, Effarizah ME. Toxicity of nutmeg (Myristicin): A review. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol. 2015;5(3):61-64. Doi: 10.18517/ijaseit.5.3.518
8. Noviyandri PRN, Chismirina S. Effect of Nutmeg Flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) against Streptococcus mutans growth. J Syiah Kuala Dent Soc. 2021;5(1):42–46. Doi:10.24815/jds.v5i1.20010
9. Gopalakrishnan M. Chemical composition of nutmeg and mace. J. Spices Aromat. Crops. 1992;1(1) 49–54.
10. Seneme EF, Santos DC dos, Silva EMR, Franco YEM, Longato GB. Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review. Mol. 2021;26(19):5914-5929. Doi:10.3390/molecules26195914
11. National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Studies of Myristicin (CASRN 607-91-0) Administered by Gavage to F344/NTac Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice: Toxicity Report 95. Research Triangle Park (NC): Natl Toxicol. Program; 2019.
12. Sumadewi KT. Embryology, anatomy and physiology of the liver: Review. Indian J Clin Anat Physiol. 2023;10(3):138–144.
13. Sun J, Zhao F, Wang Z, Zhang W, Yang X, Zhou H, Wan P. Effect of Simmering Technology on Components and Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Mol. 2023;28(22):7627-7641. Doi: 10.3390/molecules28227627
14. Nguyen TTT, Do PT, Nguyen LTN, Pham ATV. Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Ethanol Leaf Extract of Vitex negundo L in Experimental Animals. Trop J Nat Pro Res. 2024;8(1):5806–5810. Doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v8i1.14
15. Purnama YHC, Rahmi FL, Istiadi H, Sianturi M, Rahmawati B. Mulberry Leaves Extract Ameliorates Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress and Aortic Histopathological Features In Dyslipidemic Rats Induced by A High-Fat Diet. Trop J Nat Pro Res. 2024;8(10):8684–8689. Doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i10.10
16. Sapsuha Y, Suprijatna E, Kismiati S, Sugiharto S. Possibility of using nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans houtt) extract in broiler diet to improve intestinal morphology, bacterial population, blood profile and antioxidant status of broilers under high-density condition. Agronomy Research. 2022;20:1134–1150. Doi: 10.15159/AR.22.077
17. Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(1):1-
58. Doi: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4.Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(1):1-58. Doi: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4.
18. Warsito MF. A review on chemical composition, bioactivity, and toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. essential oil. Indones J Pharm. 2021;32(3):304–13. Doi: 10.22146/ijp.1271
19. Tata FY, Danlamido FM, Sa’ab HA, Audu MA, Bababe A V. Evaluation of Antidiabetic, Phytochemical and Acute Toxicity of the Methanol Seed Extract of Senna occidentalis Linn. Trop J Nat Pro Res. 2021;5(6):1101–1105. Doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v5i6.20
20. Razali NR, Choo YM. Acute ptosis as a presentation of preseptal cellulitis leading to cerebral abscess in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes. Malays Fam Physician. 2021;16(1):136-138. Doi:10.51866/cr1010
21. AL-Rekabi FMK, Asker SJ, Shwaish MM. Acute and subchronic interaction between metformin and meloxicam in mice. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(6):2336-2344. Doi:10.5958/0974 360X.2018.00434.1
22. Kpemissi M, Metowogo K, Melila M, Veerapur VP, Negru M, Taulescu M, Potârniche AV, Suhas DS, Puneeth TA, Vijayakumar S, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Aklikokou K. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Combretum micranthum (Combretaceae) in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep. 2020;7:162-168. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.007
23. Park SJ, Kim SD, Kwag E Bin, Park JH, Yoo HS. Acute and Subchronic Toxicological Evaluation of the Herbal Product HAD-B1 in Rats. Evid.-based Complement Altern.Med. 2021;2021:1-13. Doi:10.1155/2021/9970822
24. Benrahou K, Mrabti HN, Assaggaf HM, Mortada S, Salhi N, Rouas L, Bacha RE, Dami A, Masrar A, Alshahrani MM, Bouyahya A, Goh KW, Ming LC, Cherrah Y, Abbes FME. Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of Erodium guttatum Extracts by Oral Administration in Rodents. Toxins (Basel). 2022;14(11):735-747. Doi: 10.3390/toxins14110735
25. Lalanza JF, Snoeren EMS. The cafeteria diet: A standardized protocol and its effects on behaviour. Vol. 122, Neurosci and Biobehav Rev. 2021:92–119. Doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.003.
26. Widjiati, Dewita, Hendrawan VF, Purwantari KE, Wajdi SA, Zulfarniasyah AB, Putri AS, Rahmawatu MA, Al-Ilmi MF. Histopathologic Changes in Liver Tissue from Cadmium Intoxicated Mice and Treated with Curcumin during Pregnancy. Res J Pharm Technol. 2018;11(3):836-866. Doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00160.9
27. Mohamad BJ, Zghair FA. The Effect of Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) on Kinetic activity and histology of Livers and Kidneys in Albino Mice. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021;5015–5018. Doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00874
28. Cao Z, Xia W, Zhang X, Yuan H, Guan D, Gao L. Hepatotoxicity of nutmeg: A pilot study based on metabolomics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110780-11790. Doi:10.1016/j.bio pha.2020.110780