Authentication of Commercial Corn Oil Products Using Combined GC-MS and FTIR Chemometric Methods
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Corn oil is a potential product that has beneficial unsaturated fatty acids. This study aimed to identify adulteration in commercial corn oil products using a combination of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) chemometrics. Corn oil was extracted using variations of two methods: Soxhlet and Reflux. Reference corn oil samples were made with corn oil and turpentine oil concentrations of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100%. All corn oil samples were measured at wave numbers 3500-500 cm-1. Data analysis was carried out using chemometric methods. The PLS calibration results showed a good correlation with R2 = 0.99999 and RMSEC = 0.91%, internal validation with R2 = 1 and RMSECV = 0.68%. and external validation with R2 = 0.988 with RMSEP = 0.79%. Commercial product C is suspected to be fake corn oil because it is suspected to contain turpentine oil from PCA results. Product C is in the same quadrant as pure turpentine oil.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
1. Peniche-Pavía HA, Guzmán TJ, Magaña-Cerino JM, Gurrola-Díaz CM, Iessen A. Maize Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Human Health Relevance: A Review. Molecules. 2022;13;27(16):166-176.
2. Roni KA, Prasetyo A, Panji Nugroho D, Miftahul Jannah D. Alcoholysis of Corn Oil (Zea mays (L)) Using NaOH Catalyst at 1 Atm Pressure. J Distilasi. 2020;5(1):1-8.
3. Indarto C, Maflahah I, Fakhry M, Fakhry S. Characteristics of Local Madura Corn Oil Varieties. J Rekayasa Dan Manajemen Agroindustri. 2023;11(1):147-151.
4. Rosalina R, Setiawan N, Ningrum RS. Extraction of Vegetable Oil in Seeds and Legumes by Sokhlet Method. 2018;98–100.
5. Carrillo W, Carpio C, Morales D, Vilcacundo E, Álvarez M, Silva M. Content of fatty acids in corn (Zea mays L.) oil from Ecuador. As J Pharm
Clin Res 2017;10(8): 150-154.
6. Dwiputra D. Corn Oil, a Healthy Alternative to Oil. J Apl Teknol Pangan. 2015;04(02).42-46.
7. Tri Astuti D. Characterization and Chemical Composition of Unyil Corn Oil (Zea Mays L.) Local Variety of Pulut. J Pharm Botanic.2016;156:87-92.
8. Desiyana LS, Idroes R, Safriani R. Determination of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Oil Characteristics from Bener Meriah with to Compare Extraction Method of Soxhlet and Pressing. Bungong Jeumpa J Pharmceutical Sci. 2020;1(1):1–4.
9. Barrera-Arellano D, Badan-Ribeiro A. P, Serna-Saldivar S. O. Corn Oil: Composition, Processing, and Utilization. In Corn 3Éd Chemistry and Technology. 2019;593–613.
10. Syafri S, Jaswir I, Yusof F, Rohman A, Ahda M, Hamidi D. The use of instrumental technique and chemometrics for essebtial oil authentication: A review. Result in Chemistry. 2022; 4: 100622
11. Rohman A, Salamah N. The employment of spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics for authentication analysis of halal pharmaceuticals. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2018; 8(10):63–068
12. Hewavitharana GG, Perera DN, Navaratne SB, Wickramasinghe I. Extraction methods of fat from food samples and preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography: A review. Arab. J. Chem. 2020; 13:6865–6875.
13. Guerrero-Esperanza M, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Ordaz-Ortiz, J. J. Determination of fatty acids in vegetable oils by GC-MS, using multiple-ion quantification (MIQ),. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2023;115:79-82.
14. Hartanti D, Theeravit J. Artocarpus lakoocha Wood Extraction: Effect of Method and Plant-Sugar Ratio on Extraction Yield. J. Farm. Indoensia. 2018; 15:50–59.
15. Salamah N, Guntarti A, Lestari PA, Gandjar IG. Fat Analysis of House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Meatball Using Gas Chromatography-mass 30 Spectrometry (GC-MS) Combined with Principal Component Analysis. Indones. J. Pharm. 2022; 33(2):208–214.
16. Andriansyah I, Gumilar HF, Juanda D & Yuliantini A. Fingerprint analysis of pegagan herb (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb) in West Java using FTIR spectrophotometry method combined with PCA. J. Agrotek Ummat. 2022; 9(4):143–154.
17. Abraham EJ, Kellogg JJ. Chemometric-Guided Approaches for Profiling and Authenticating Botanical Materials. In Frontiers in Nutrition. Front. Media S.A. 2021; 8(3): 56-59.
18. Lampman P, Vyvyan K, Pavia D.L, Kriz G.S. Spectroscopy 4th Ed. 2009;4:765-766.
19. Singh P, Dave A, Arora M, Madan PS, Rai R. Evaluation of the efficacy of hematoxylin and eosin stain when xylene is completely replaced by turpentine or kerosene oil – A comparative study for oral tissues. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 2023; 66:775–779.
20. Wijayati, N., Kartika, S. & Ralkainsa. Bab 4 transformasi alfa pinena dari minyak terpentin melalui reaksi metoksilasi. In: Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam indonesia. 2019. 45-123
21. Rohman A. The use of infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for quality control and authentication of edible fats and oils: A review. 2017;52:589-604.
22. Salamah N, Cantika CD, Nurani LH, Guntarti A. Authentication of citrus peel oils from different species and commercial products using FTIR Spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J Pharmacia. 2024; 71:1–7.
23. da Hora NRS, Santana LF, da Silva VDA, Costa SL, Zambotti-Villela L, Colepicolo P. Identification of bioactive metabolites from corn silk extracts by a combination of metabolite profiling, univariate statistical analysis and chemometrics. Food Chem. 2021; 365:130479.
24. Kharbach M, Alaoui Mansouri M, Taabouz M, Yu H. Current Application of Advancing Spectroscopy Techniques in Food Analysis: Data Handling with Chemometric Approaches. J Food Chem. 2023; 12:1–46.
25. Syafri S, Hafiz A, Syofyan S, Alen Y, Hamidi D. FT-IR Fingerprinting Analysis for Classification of West Sumatra Small Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Essential Oil and Its Antioxidant Activity. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2024; 8:6081–6086.
26. Rohman A, Irnawati, Riswanto FDO. Kemometrika. In Universitas Gajah Mada Press. 2021;93–116.
27. Salamah N, Jufri SL, Susanti H & Jaswir I. Analysis of Gelatin on Soft Candy using a Combination of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with Chemometrics for Halal Authentication. Indones. J. Halal Res. 20213; 5:90–98: