Phytochemical Screening, GC–MS Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter

Article Sidebar

pdf epub
Published: Apr 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i4.14
Keywords:
Dittrichia graveolens, Phytochemical, GC-MS, Antibacterial activity

Main Article Content

Salawa I. A. Eltawaty
Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya
Mohammed B. Suliman
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya
Sanadelaslam El-Hddad
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya
Heba K. Emgwer
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya
Farag M. Shaieb
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya

Abstract

Dittrichia graveolens is a widely distributed species with ethnopharmacological applications. Despite the large bodyof literature on the biological activities and essential oil content of D. graveolens, several aspects of its phytochemical composition remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and antibacterial effects of crude methanol root and leaf extracts of D. graveolens from Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, northeast Libya. Dried roots and leaf powder were extracted with methanol using the solvent-semi-continuous extraction method (Soxhlet) for 6 hours. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative methods, the chemical composition of the extracts was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of major classes of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. GC–MS analysis identified 20 phytoconstituents in the root extract and 25 compounds in the leaf extract. The top three major compounds in the root extract were quinic acid (25.29%), beta-D-glucopyranoside, methyl (10.60%), and gamma-sitosterol (8.60%), whereas the top three compounds in the leaf extract were quinic acid (15.79%), ethyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (11.70%), and sucrose (9.19%). Although, the broad spectrum antibacterial activity of the crude extracts was demonstrated against all test organisms, the leaf extract exhibited better antibacterial activity than the root extract against most of the test bacteria. These findings highlight the potential of the methanol leaf extract of D. graveolens in the development of therapeutic agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Eltawaty, S. I. A., Suliman, M. B., El-Hddad, S., Emgwer, H. K., & Shaieb, F. M. (2025). Phytochemical Screening, GC–MS Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR), 9(4), 1476-1481. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i4.14
Issue
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2025): Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR)
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

1. Abu-Rabia A. Key Plants in Fighting Cancer in the Middle East. Chin Med. 2015; 6(2):124-135.

2. Solecki RS and Shanidar IV. A Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq. Sci. 1975; 190(4217):880-881.

3. Shakya AK. Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs. Int J Herb Med. 2016; 4(4):59-64.

4. Mohammed BS, Azhari HN, Mashitah MY, Abdurahmn HN, Palaniselvam K, Yuvaraj AR, Mazza SA. Fatty Acid Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Swietenia macrophylla King Seed Oil.Afr J Plant Sci. 2013; 7(7):300-303.

5. Suliman MB and El-Hddad S. Characterization of Chemical Constituents of Adansonia digitate L. Using GC-MS and LC-MS/QTOF and their

In vitro Anti-Cervical Cancer Effects Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(6):3191-3197.

6. Mohamme BS, Azhari HN, Mashitah MY, Abdurahman HN, Mazza SA. Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Swietenia macrophylla King Seed Oil. Int J Eng Res Technol. 2014; 3(4):1787-1792.

7. Bernhoft AJA. A Brief Review on Bioactive Compounds in Plants. Bioactive Compounds in Plants-Benefits and Risks for Man and Animals. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo.2010; 50:11-17.

8. Eltawaty SIA, Suliman MB, El-Hddad S. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Crude Extracts from Pistacia lentiscus L. fruit. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(9):4049-4054.

9. Mohammed BS, Azhari HN, Mashitah MY, Abdurahman HN, and Mazza SA. Growth Inhibitory Effect on Bacteria of Switena imacrophylla King Seed and Leaves Crude Alkaloids Extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2014; 5(8):1000-1004.

10. Mohammed BS, Sanadelaslam E, Salwa IAE, Ahmed SJ. HPLC-PDA-MS Identification of Phenolic Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Adansonia digitata L. Leaves from Sudan. Moroc J Chem. 2024; 12(1):221-232.

11. Yahya EB, Alfallous KA, Wali A, Hameid S, Zwaid H. Growth Rate and Antibiotic Sensitivity Effect of some Natural and Petroleum-Based Materials on Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Res Appl Sci. Biotechnol. 2020; 7(5):7-11.

12. Mohammed BS and Awatif AM. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Sudanese Medicinal Plant Ziziphusspina-christiL Leaves. Arab J Med Aromat Plants. 2018; 4(1):36-44.

13. Abogmaza AF, Keer KF, Takrizzah AA, Yahya EB. A Review on the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Growing in Libya and their Therapeutic Properties. Int Res J Sci Technol. 2020; 2(1):327-334.

14. Mohammed BS andAwatif AM. Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acid Composition of Sudanese Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L) Seed Oil. Arab J Med Arom Plants. 2018; 4(10):1-8.

15. Azhari HN, Mohammed BS, Mashitah MY, Abdurahman HN, Mazza M. Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Identification of Antifungal Compounds from Seeds of Swietenia macrophylla King. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2016; 10(17):55-62.

16. Mohammed BS and Awatif AM. Determination of Sennosides A and B in Sudanese Medicinal Plant Senna alexandrina Pods and Leaves Using Reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Arab J Med Arom Plants. 2019: 5(1):39-45.

17. Bobaker Bobaker AM, Alakili I, Sarmani SB, Al-Ansari N, Yaseen ZM. Determination and Assessment of the Toxic Heavy Metal Elements Abstracted from the Traditional Plant Cosmetics and Medical Remedies: Case Study of Libya. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(11):1957.

18. Ponticelli M, Lela L, Russo D, Faraone I, Sinisgalli C, Mustapha MB, Esposito G, Jannet HB, Costantino V, Milella L. Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter, A Rapidly Spreading Invasive Plant: Chemistry and Bioactivity. Molecules. 2022; 27:895.

19. Harzallah-Skhiri F, Cheraif I, Jannet HB, Hammami M. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Leaves, Stems, Flowers and Roots of Inula g raveolens from Tunisia. Pak J Biol Sci. 2005; 8(2):249-254.

20. Brullo S and de Marco G. Taxonomical Revision of the Genus Dittrichia (Asteraceae). Port Acta Biol. 2000; 19:341-354.

21. Parsons WWT and Cuthbertson EEG. Noxious weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra. 2001. 534-536 p.

22. Mahboubi M. Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Essential Oil. Med Plants Res Cent Jundi Shapour. 2011; 57:3.

23. Pieroni A, Giusti ME, De Pasquale C, Lenzarini C, Censorii E, Gonzales-Tejero MR, Sanchez-Rojas CP, Ramiro-Gutierrez JM, Skoula M, Johnson C, Sarpaki A, Della A, Paraskeva-Hadijchambi D, Hadjichambis A, Hmamouchi M, El-Jorhi S, El-Demerdash M, El-Zayat M, Al-Shahaby O, Houmani Z, Scherazed M. Circum-Mediterranean Cultural Heritage and Medicinal Plant Uses in Traditional Animal Healthcare: A Field Survey in Eight Selected Areas Within the RUBIA Project. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006; 2:16-28.

24. Maxia A, Lancioni MC, Balia AN, Alborghetti R, Pieroni A, Loi MC. Medical Ethnobotany of the Tabarkins, a Northern Italian (Ligurian) Minority in Southwestern Sardinia. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2008;55:911-924.

25. Ghosen MW, Chemal CB, Zakniun FI, Saliba NA. Chemical Profile of the Dittrichia graveolens (Desf.) Greuter Essential Oil of Lebanese Origins. J Essent Oil Res 2006; 18:443-444.

26. Mirza M and Ahmadi L. Composition of the Essential Oil of Salvia atropatana Bunge. J Essent Oil Res. 2000; 12:575.

27. Ahmadian-Attari M, Monsef Esfahani H, Amin G, Fazeli M, Jamalifar H, Kamalinia G. The Ethnopharmacological Study on Antibacterial Activity of Some Selected Plants used in Iranian Traditional Medicine. J Med Plants. 2009; 3:50-57.

28. Azwanida NN. A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med Aromat Plants. 2015; 4:196.

29. Ijoma I, Ishmael V, Ajiwe V, Ndubuisi OJ. Evidence-Based Preferential In Vitro Antisickling Mechanism of Three Native Nigerian Plants Used in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease. Malay J BiochemMol Biol. 2022; 3:9-17.

30. Velavan S. Phytochemical Techniques- AReview. World J Sci Res. 2015; 1(2):80-91.

31. Yadav RNS and Agarwala M. Phytochemical Analysis of some Medicinal Plants. J Phytol. 2011; 3(12):10-14.

32. Mohammed BS, Azhari HN, Mashitah MN, Abdurahman HN. Mazza SA. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Medicinal Plant Swietenia macrophylla King. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015; 7(11):519-524.

33. Ijoma KI and Ajiwe VIE. Antibacterial Activity of Phytochemicals in Ficus thonningii Leaves Extracts Against Some Selected Pathogenic Bacterial Prevalent in Sickle Cell Anemia. Jordan J Pharm Sci. 2023;16(2):345-355.

34. Ijoma KI and Ajiwe VIE. Jatropha tanjorensisa Flora of Southeast Nigeria: Isolation and Characterization of Naringenin and Validation of Bio-Enhanced Synergistic Activity of Alpha-Tocopherol Toward Clinical Isolates of Resistant Bacteria. Makara J Sci. 2022;26(2):120-127.

35. Abu-Dahab R and Afifi F.Antiproliferative Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants of Jordan Against a Breast Adeno carcinoma Cell Line (MCF7). Sci Pharm. 2007;75:121-146.

36. Abioye EO, Akinpelu DA, Aiyegoro. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Properties of Crude Stem Bark Extracts and Fractions of Parkiabi globosa (Jacq.). Molecules. 2013; 18(7):8485-8499.

37. Manjulika Y and Sanjukta C. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Six Medicinal Plants used in Traditional Medicine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014; 6(5):539-542.

38. Ndam LM, Mih AM, Fongod AGN. Phytochemical Screening of the Bioactive Compounds in Twenty (20) Cameroonian Medicinal Plants. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2014; 3(12):1-12.

39. Mitic V, StankovJovanovic V, Ilic M, Jovanovic O, Djordjevic A, Stojanovic G. Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Multivariate Analysis, and Antimicrobial Activity. Chem Biodivers. 2016;13(1):85-90.

40. FrançaOrlanda JF and Nascimento AR. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Rutagraveolens L. (Rutaceae) Volatile Oils from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. S Afr J Bot. 2015; (99):103-106.

41. Jun Y, Jingbo C, Zhiwu H, Lizhong H, Lingyun W, Li Y, Weimin Z. Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in Nine Varieties and Three Breeding Selections of Celery using GC-IMS and GC-MS. Food ChemX. 2024; 24:101936.

42. Kurobayashi K, Kouno E, Fujita A, Morimitsu Y, Kubota K. Potent Odorants Characterize the Aroma Quality of Leaves and Stalks in Raw

and Boiled Celery. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006; 70(4):958-965.

43. Orav A, Kailas T, Jegorova A. Composition of the Essential Oil of Dill, Celery, and Parsley from Estonia. ProcEstAcadSci Chem. 2003; 52(4):147-154.

44. Turner L, Lignou S, Gawthrop F, Wagstaff C. Investigating the Relationship of Genotype and Geographical Location on Volatile Composition and Sensory Profile of Celery (Apium graveolens). Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22:12016.

45. Kormaz N, Mohammed FS, Uysal İ, Sevindik M. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticholinesterase Activity of Dittrichia graveolens. Prospect Pharm Sci.2023; 21(4):48-53.

46. Miladinović DL, Ilić BS, Kocić BD, Marković MS, Miladinović C. In Vitro Trials of Dittrichia graveolens Essential Oil Combined with Antibiotics. Nat Prod Commun. 2016; 11(6):856-868

47. Ercan L and Dogru M. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capacity of QuinicAcid. BEU J Sci. 2022; 11:1018-1025.

48. Bai J, Wu Y, Wang X, Liu X, Zhong K, Huang Y.In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Antibacterial Activity and Membrane Damage Mechanism of Quinic Acid Against Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Saf. 2018; 38(1):e12416.

49. Bai J, Wu Y, Bu Q, Zhong K, Gao H, Comparative Study on Antibacterial Mechanism of Shikimic Acid and Quinic Acid Against Staphylococcus aureus Through Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches. LWT. 2022; 153:112441.