Allelopathic Effects of Essential Oils from Zingiberaceae Species on Weed Growth
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Abstract
Weed management remains a critical challenge in sustainable agriculture due to the environmental impact and resistance issues associated with synthetic herbicides. Essential oils (EOs) derived from certain medicinal plants have shown promising allelopathic potential as natural herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of EOs extracted from Lanxangia tsao-ko (EO1), Meistera vespertilio (EO2 and EO3), and Wurfbainia schmidtii (EO4 and EO5) on the growth of Brassica juncea and Echinochloa crus-galli. A bioassay was conducted using varying EO concentrations to assess their impact on shoot and root growth. The results showed that EO1 and EO4, significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed shoot elongation in B. juncea, with EO1 achieving 100% inhibition at 15 µL/mL and EO4 reaching 52.97%. In E. crus-galli, EO1 exhibited potent inhibition, reducing shoot growth by 77.50% at 1 µL/mL and completely suppressing growth at 4 µL/mL and above. The root growth of E. crus-galli was highly sensitive to EO1, with a 96.12% reduction at 2 µL/mL and complete inhibition at higher doses. The chemical composition analysis revealed that EO1 primarily contains 1,8-cineole (41.08%), α-phellandrene (12.84%), and α-citral (12.01%), while EO4 is rich in 1,8-cineole (18.5%), endo-borneol (14.3%), and camphene (10.8%), which likely contributed to their strong inhibitory effects. Given its pronounced phytotoxicity, EO1 (LTK18F) was selected for further bioassays to determine its mechanism of action and feasibility for weed management. The findings underscore the potential of plant-derived EOs as eco-friendly weed control methods, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and decreasing reliance on chemical herbicides.
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