Phytochemical Profiling, GC–MS Analysis, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Cannabis sativa L. var. Beldia: A Comparative Study of Four Extraction Methods
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa L., an ancient plant with a rich history of medicinal and industrial uses, continues to garner significant interest. This study systematically compared four extraction methods: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and decoction, to isolate bioactive compounds from the flowering tops of C. sativa L. using a 50% (v/v) water/ethanol solvent system. Comprehensive assessments were conducted on extraction yields, phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial properties, and chemical composition via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the methods, UAE demonstrated superior performance, yielding the highest concentrations of phenolics (84.05 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (19.26 mg QE/g), flavonols (15.53 mg QE/g), and tannins (32.52 mg CE/g). It also exhibited optimal antioxidant activities in DPPH (IC₅₀: 63.56 ± 0.02 µg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀: 57.64 ± 0.06 µg/mL), and FRAP (EC₅₀: 250.63 ± 0.12 µg/mL) assays, along with a high total antioxidant capacity (200.91 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g extract). The extracts showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, with UAE and maceration displaying superior effectiveness (MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL). Significant antifungal activity was also observed against Fusarium proliferatum, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans, with UAE achieving the lowest MIC values (6.25 to 25 mg/mL). GC-MS analysis revealed distinct chemical profiles for each extraction method, notably significant quantities of phenols, terpenes, and fatty acid derivatives. This study identifies UAE as the most effective method for extracting bioactive compounds from C. sativa L., offering high yields and superior preservation of therapeutic properties. These findings provide valuable insights for developing optimized, environmentally sustainable extraction protocols in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications.
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